Essay about Sexual Harassment among Canadian Women, Black...

Project: Rape and Rape Culture 1) What are the main ideas and/or issues of the article as it relates to the chosen topic? Welsh et al. (2006) used data from the research focus groups of Canadian women to discuss the issue of sexual harassment among Canadian women and how the white Canadian women, who are mostly heterosexual, define sexual harassment and rape (objective) versus how the women of color define their experience of rape and sexual harassment in workplace (subjective). According to Welsh et al. (2006), he discussed how race, gender and citizenship are important factors in how Women of color with and without citizenship right define sexual harassment and rape. Sometimes as race and sometimes sees it as an experience they will†¦show more content†¦Textual harassment through the social networking media such as Facebook and e-mail, contribute to abuse in relationships. From one of the cases narrated in the text, a father of a sexual harassment victim, Cuccia, says that the freedom and private nature of texting causes more harm than good. This is so important to study because in this new t echnology age, teenagers are able to secretly keep their pains, feelings and emotions away from people who could advice them about their relationship issues. Most victims of textual harassment were never sensitive enough to see or report the warning signs because of their relationship with the person. For this reason, more awareness needs to be created especially among teenage girls and college students, of the warning signs of textual harassment. It has become the job for everyone of us to protect ourselves by watching out for those warning signs, by monitoring e-mails or messages exchange and should never contemplate reporting to the appropriate authorities. 3) In what ways are the ideas and/or issues presented in the article related to the textbook reading? In what ways are they similar? In what ways are they different? Welsh et al. (2006) discusses the white privilege of white women over black women in cases of rape and sexual harassment. The article argues that race, gender and citizenship play an important role in how women of color define sexual harassment. The white women are notShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Police Officers And Deviant Behaviors Within Police Environment1768 Words   |  8 Pagesefficient is the whole criminal justice system. The Criminal code and various provincial statutes are the mandates that provide Canadian police officers the authority to exercise their discretion. The criminal code provides the authority to arrest (section 495), to use force (section 25), to search (with a warrant, section 487), and to obtain DNA samples (section 487.05).among others (Curt T. Griffiths, 2012).The use of force including lethal force is governed by both law and policy. Apart from the CriminalRead MoreThe Canadian Human Rights Act2027 Words   |  9 Pagesis â€Å"an action or decision that treats a person or group negatively for reasons such as their race, sex, age or disability† (Ministry of Justice [DOJ], 1985). Under the Canadian human right act, there are 11 grounds a person may be discriminated against. These include race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability and a conviction for which a pardon has been granted or a record s uspended (DOJ, 1985). Employment discriminationRead MoreCyberbullying And Race / Ethnicity : A Study Of Philadelphia High School Students2894 Words   |  12 PagesStudents University of Pennsylvania â€Æ' Bullying and Harassments Bullying and harassment within the K-12 school setting, based on research studies continues to be a problem with great consequences for the victims such as suicidal thoughts, lower grade point averages, high truancy and high drop-out rates. Research on the connection between bullying and harassment and academic variables demonstrated that students who experienced bullying and harassments are more likely to avoid or drop out of school (FriedRead MoreEssay about Life in Trinidad and Tobago 2120 Words   |  9 Pagesformer colonies. Neo-Colonialism has affected all countries of the Caribbean. In an article by the University of Toronto Press entitled â€Å"Canadian Aid in the Commonwealth Caribbean: Neo-Colonialism or Development assess whether the Canadian government is participating in Neo-Colonialism in the Caribbean or is it supportive in the development of the region. Canadian assistance to the Caribbean began in 1958 with aid amounting to ten million dollars in grants to the West Indies Federation over a fiveRead MoreAttitudes Towards Police: What are Young Adults Perception of Police?3573 Words   |  15 Pagesoften than older people† (Cunneen White, 2007). Young people are more likely to be the victim of an offence, engage in criminal activity (Hua, Baker Poynton, 2006), be charged with an offence, engage in risky, delinquent or antisocial behaviors that may generate police interest (McAra McVie, 2005) or spend more time in public spaces which may increase visibility and police scrutiny and aggravate the need for police to demonstrate control (Cunneen White, 2007). While these factors bring youngRead MoreCritical Analysis of Women Behind Bars Essay4460 Words   |  18 Pages Abstract More and more women-mothers, grandmothers, wives, daughters, and sisters are doing hard prison time all across the United States. Many of them are facing the prospect of years, decades, even lifetimes behind bars. Oddly, there’s been little public discussion about the dramatic increase of women in the prison system. What exactly is happening here, and why? This paper will be a critical analysis of the book, â€Å"Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System. ThisRead MoreEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 PagesHowever, we also find that the nature and strengths of those relationships vary according to the racial identity of different groups within urban music enthusiasts. Black and white subgroups align themselves with resistance representations while Asians do not; whites and Asians report significant involvement in crime and delinquency, while blacks do not. Finally, we discuss our findings in light of research on media effects and audience reception, youth subcultures and post-subcultural analysis, and theRead MoreDiversity Training in the Workplace Essay example6940 Words   |  28 Pagesthe twenty-first century, trying to find other ways to eliminate workplace discrimination and encourage workforce diversity. According to The Indianapolis Business Journal, â€Å"As companies compete for talent and customers, they realize that hiring women and minorities is more of a strategy than a matter of fairness, said Jesse Moore, Purdue University’s manager of supplier diversity development. The best way to hold onto our market share, or position ourselves to gain market share, is to make ourRead MoreManaging Diversity in the Workplace Essay3304 Words   |  14 Pagesfunctioning of diversity and social responsibility fails, the results are a system of inequality and lacking of social commitment. Diversity concerns are relevant and essential human ideas in which making choices is not always a matter of ethics or black and white. Managing diversity does not always presuppose management’s moral or social conscience as the primary concern. The following plans would help management and working class alike distinguish which position we must take in regards to managing diversityRead MoreAm erican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 Pages1. American Civil Rights Movement THE BLACKS 1865 and 1870 - Three Constitutional amendments: The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment gave blacks the rights of citizenship, and The Fifteenth Amendment gave them the right to vote. Until the modern civil rights movement (1950s) blacks were denied access to public places such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and schools. There were separate facilities marked colored only, which was sanctioned by the courts. 1896

This Case Caused Many People To See That The Separation

This case caused many people to see that the separation did not help the children s education, it also didn t help the racism going on at the time. In the 1950’s there were schools where only the colored children went and schools where only white children were aloud many African American kids would have to walk miles and miles to get to there school, African American parents worried about their children getting to school safely. December 9, 1952 both sides had argued their point Brown s lawyers had argued that there shouldn t be any segregation unless there was legit proof that black kids were different from anyone else. The arguments went on for three days, The case was talked about for several months while the supreme court was†¦show more content†¦During this case, it was not just about the segregation of the adults, but the children to. The children took a part of the segregation. After all, the case was started because of the children’s education being sep arated. The children were affected because of the change especially when they were accustomed to being separated from each other where the whites were together as one and the African Americans were also together as one. When things changed and the whites and African American ended up together as one it was hard for them for a while. People of all races should be able to enjoy equality under the law in the united states. African American children wanted equal protection under the laws as promised by the fourteenth amendment. Today children of all color and race attend the same school. Whether it’s a boarding school or a public school. This particular case changed history for young students all around the world. This case contributed to a huge part of history and that’s because If Mr. Brown had never tried to enroll his 8 year old daughter Linda in Sumner Elementary, and the principal s refusal, then little African American children would still be treated bad, and un-hum ane. Children would be going to different schools still, and world would still have a little segregation in it. Although then, Mr. Brown was not the first African American to try to enroll his child in an all-white school, but his case was not only the last, but the mostShow MoreRelatedThe Church and Roberta Bondi698 Words   |  3 Pageswas not an easy and a calm child to handle, she caused trouble and her father’s expectations of her were high. Not only that but her questioning of gender role was a concern for her. After her parents were separated, her father’s expectations of her were no longer there and did not speak to one another. After a while, blaming one-self after a separation of the parents is always expected from young children and so Roberta’s feeling that the separation of her mother and father was due to her misbehaviorRead MoreDivorce Issues Essay examples1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthat draws no boundaries between any particular race, ethnicity, or class. Although there is no group exempt from the possibility and reality of divorce, there are certain noticeable trends among specific groups and classifications of people whom are directly affected by divorced. Statistics show that twenty-five percent of all married couples whose ages range from eighteen to forty will experience the devastating reality of divorce (Wallerstein 295). Although a shockingRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Paper: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War Two is arguably the most famous war in world history. It is remembered as a very tragic and influential historical event across the globe. Many countries joined the war at different times, but the general start date has been narrowed to the period of time between 1931 and 1939. The war was primarily between two main powers; the Axis nations, consisting of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allied nations, led by Britain and CommonwealthRead MoreEssay about The Devastating Suicide in Bone1155 Words   |  5 Pagesthe stereotype of depression being only general sadness. Depression can be anything from temporary to extreme, and from insignificant to greatly significant. What significant might be characterized as could be the outcome of a loss of ones life. In a case where a womans husband committed suicide, the woman later said, He was like anybody else with depression. But it was much more extreme than he ever let us know (Robinson, R. 33). However, Ona Leong appear ed no different up to the day that sheRead More Women and the Holocaust Essay example706 Words   |  3 Pagessurvive the holocaust, but not only to survive the holocaust but to live on to tell the stories, and to spread Judaism. Although every Jewish person was equally a victim in the genocide of the holocaust, the Jewish women were one of the main targets. This is because the Jewish women were connected to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“race struggleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of Nazism, for the women carried the next generation of Jews. The Jewish women of Europe were taken from their homes by the Nazis and killed, and the ones who escaped ended up carryingRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Year1524 Words   |  7 PagesWomen are wearing dresses with many frilly layers that stretch all the way down to their toes. Long-haired men are riding their horses down the streets. Many children are running around with giggles coming across their faces. You are from Europe and this is your first time in the city and you ’re absolutely exhausted. You don’t know your way around or where you’re going at all. You’re so tired and hungry that you burst through the doors of the closest building that you see, hoping that you come to findRead MoreFreedom of Religion in Public Schools1748 Words   |  7 Pagesa very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taught or practiced in school. There have been cases brought to court about how religion should be taken out of schools, or if it should be allowed. There are many differences that cause concern betweenRead More Religious Controversy During the Time of Karl Marx Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagestribulations. This is not a new thing for religion, ever since the creation of religion there has been problems. Religion is the one uncertainty that has caused disputes even wars in the past and in the present. Religion is discussed briefly in the Communist Manifesto. However, There is enough content about religion to see Karl Marx’s views on the matter but he does not go into depth on those views. Religion around the time of the Communist Manifesto was very unstable; two events prior to this time thatRead MoreDivergent - Veronica Roth. response to text essay.1590 Words   |  7 PagesNovel _____________________________________________________________________ The novel â€Å"Divergent† written by author Veronica Roth is a thrilling story about the love and sacrifice of two teenagers (Tris and Four) living in dystopian America. This novel follows the hardship of citizens living in a community where everyone must be separated into groups called factions. The members of each faction must live their lives according to the value of their faction, whether it be Bravery for DauntlessRead MoreCommunism And The Anti Communist Rhetoric1401 Words   |  6 Pagesword to inspire as much fear as it has and does. â€Å"Commun,† meaning â€Å"together† and â€Å"ism,† meaning â€Å"belief in,† combine to form a word for which the connotation far outweighs the denotation. Rather than bring people together, communism in the United States caused divides, even between people on the same sides. Although the exact definition of communism differed for Communists and Anti-Communists, the definitions held commonality in the w ay that they labeled members of the group as â€Å"other†. To Anti-Communists

An Inspector Calls Sheila Essay Example For Students

An Inspector Calls Sheila Essay How would you direct An Inspector Calls to ensure that it is still relevant today?  J.B Priestly wrote An Inspector Calls in 1945, but he set it in the year of 1912, and throughout the play there are several prominent ideas. Over the years, the way in which Priestly has presented these thoughts, while still relevant, may not be as effective as they were several decades ago. As time has changed, so has the way in which society views them even if the ideas are identical. So how would the play be directed in order to make it relevant to current times? The main theme must be identified at the outset to first be able to update the play so that is still relevant. Priestly has deliberately set his play in 1912 to emphasise on the differences and his themes between the society at that present time (1945), and in the past. The consequences of the events in those 33 years led to huge changes in society. For example, in 1912 the class and gender boundaries ensured that things wouldnt change, but the event of two world wars caused a large upheaval to society, breaking down the class boundaries, and for women to gain a more valued place in society. This means that the new setting must still be able to foreshadow future events that will take place, to keep the sense of dramatic irony. For example, Priestly writes Birling: The worlds developing so fast that itll make war impossible..Why, a friend of mine went over this new liner last week The Titanic she sails next week.and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.  The setting of this play is before world war one and two, and also the sinking of the Titanic, thus showing Birling foreshadowing future events, and adding to the dramatic irony.  The main theme that is central to the play is responsibility, for example, who was accountable for Eva Smiths death? Priestly uses the inspector to blame not one sole individual for her death, but for everyone as a group. The inspector addresses the family, Each of you helped to kill her  This reflects Priestleys own views, that everyone is responsible for one another as a community and society. The inspector then leaves a final warning, that  I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson , when they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.  If I were to direct this play so that this theme would be relevant today, I would first have to change the setting of the whole play. Instead of setting it in 1912, I would instead set it in roughly the year 2000. This would make it more accessible for everyone, such as students. As such, changes to the script would also have to be made. Near the beginning, when Birling mentions the Titanic and how war would be impossible, I would replace it with events such as how Birling now believes that a terrorism attack would be impossible, and how poverty would have been eradicated through economic growth. Instead of a young girl killing herself through drinking bleach, I would instead have a young girl who has committed suicide through a drug overdose and alcohol poisoning. The different members of the Birling family would still have made a significant impact to the girl; with ultimately all of them being responsible for what Eva Smith eventually does to herself. The stage production of An Inspector Calls, directed by Ian Macneil, started with a darkened scene, akin to a World War II setting, with children finding an old radio from pre-World War I, and discovering themselves in the world of An Inspector Calls. Directing this as a play, I wouldnt bother with the need to be transported to a different time or place, as the setting has changed so that its now in the modern times. .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .postImageUrl , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:hover , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:visited , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:active { border:0!important; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:active , .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a3b5798213fbdda8b567cbdebffeadb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee EssayThe stage would first be set at a garden party, and when the Inspector arrives: a storm begins and as such; they move indoors. This would reflect what effect the Inspector will have on the family, to turn it from a peaceful happy environment, to one that is fraught with darkness and unhappiness. The weather would progressively change to imitate the atmosphere that is being experienced within the family.

THE THESMOPHORIAZUS Essay Example For Students

THE THESMOPHORIAZUS? Essay A monologue from the play by Aristophanes NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Aristophanes: The Eleven Comedies. Trans. Anonymous. London: The Athenian Society, 1922. FIRST WOMAN: If I have asked to speak, may the goddesses bear me witness, it was not for sake of ostentation. But I have long been pained to see us women insulted by this Euripides, this son of the grocer-woman, who loads us with every kind of indignity. Has he not hit us enough, columniated us sufficiently, wherever there are spectators, tragedians, and a chorus? Does he not style us lecherous, drunken, traitorous, boastful? Does he not repeat that we are all vice, that we are the curse of our husbands? So that, directly they come back from the theatre, they look at us doubtfully and go searching every nook, fearing there may be some hidden lover. We can do nothing as we used to, so many are the false ideas which he has instilled into our husbands. Is a woman weaving a garland for herself? Tis because she is in love. Does she let some vase drop while going or returning to the house? Her husband asks her in whose honour she has broken it, It can only be for that Corinthian stranger. Is a maiden unwell? Straightway her brother says, That is a colour that does not please me. And if a childless woman wishes to substitute one, the deceit can no longer be a secret, for the neighbors will insist on being present at her delivery. Formerly the old men married young girls, but they have been so columniated that none think of them now, thanks to the verse: A woman is the tyrant of the old man who marries her. Again, it is because of Euripides that we are incessantly watched, that we are shut up behind bolts and bars, and that dogs are kept to frighten off the gallants. Let that pass; but formerly it was we who had the care of the food, who fetched the flour from the storeroom, the oil and the wine; we can do it no more. Our husbands now carry little Spartan keys on their persons, made with three notches and full of malice and spite. Formerly it sufficed to purchase a ring marked with the same sign for three obols, to open the most securely sealed-up door; but now this pe stilent Euripides has taught men to hang seals of worm-eaten wood about their necks. My opinion, therefore, is that we should rid ourselves of our enemy by poison or by any other means, provided he dies. That is what I announce publicly; as to certain points, which I wish to keep secret, I propose to record them on the secretarys minutes. We will write a custom essay on THE THESMOPHORIAZUS? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

About the Civil Rights Cases of 1883

About the Civil Rights Cases of 1883   In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had prohibited racial discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public places, was unconstitutional. In an 8-1 decision, the court ruled that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution did not give Congress the power to regulate the affairs of private individuals and businesses. Background During the post-Civil War Reconstruction Period between 1866 and 1875, Congress passed several civil rights laws intended to implement the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The last and most aggressive of these laws, the Civil Rights Act of 1875, imposed criminal penalties against the owners of private businesses or modes of transportation that restricted access to their facilities because of race. The law read, in part:   â€Å"†¦ all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude.† Many people in both the South and the North objected to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, arguing that the law unfairly infringed on personal freedom of choice. Indeed, the legislatures of some Southern states had already enacted laws allowing separate public facilities for whites and African Americans. Details of the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court took the rare route of deciding five separate but closely related cases with one unified ruling. The five cases (United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson v. Memphis Charleston Railroad) reached the Supreme Court on appeal from the lower federal courts and involved suits filed by African American citizens claiming they had been illegally been refused equal access to restaurants, hotels, theaters, and trains as required by the Civil Rights Act of 1875. During this time, many businesses had attempted to skirt the letter of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by allowing African Americans to use their facilities, but forcing them to occupy separate â€Å"Colored Only† areas. Constitutional Questions The Supreme Court was asked to decide the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in light of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Specifically, the court considered: Did the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment apply to the day-to-day operations of privately-owned businesses?What specific protections did the 13th and 14th amendments provide for private citizens?Did the 14th Amendment, which prohibits state governments from practicing racial discrimination, also ban private individuals from discriminating under their right to â€Å"freedom of choice?† In other words, was â€Å"private racial segregation,† like designating â€Å"Coloreds Only† and â€Å"Whites Only† areas legal? The Arguments Presented to the Court Over the course of the case, the Supreme Court heard arguments for and against allowing private racial segregation and, thus, the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.    Ban Private Racial Segregation: Because the intent of the 13th and 14th Amendments had been to â€Å"remove the last vestiges of slavery† from America, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was constitutional. By sanctioning practices of private racial discrimination, the Supreme Court would â€Å"permit the badges and incidents of slavery† to remain a part of Americans’ lives. The Constitution grants the federal government the power to prevent state governments from taking actions that deprive any U.S. citizen of his or her civil rights. Allow Private Racial Segregation: The 14th Amendment banned only the state governments from practicing racial discrimination, not private citizens. The 14th Amendment specifically declares, in part, â€Å"†¦ nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† Enacted and enforced by the federal, rather than the state governments. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutionally infringed on the rights of private citizens to use and operate their property and businesses as they saw fit.   The Court’s Decision and Reasoning In an 8-1 opinion written by Justice Joseph P. Bradley, the Supreme Court found the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional. Justice Bradley declared that neither the 13th nor the 14th Amendment granted Congress the power to enact laws dealing with racial discrimination by private citizens or businesses. Of the 13th Amendment, Bradley wrote, â€Å"The 13th Amendment has respect, not to distinctions of race †¦ but to slavery.† Bradley added, â€Å"The 13th Amendment relates to slavery and involuntary servitude (which it abolishes); ... yet such legislative power extends only to the subject of slavery and its incidents; and the denial of equal accommodations in inns, public conveyances and places of public amusement (which is forbidden by the sections in question), imposes no badge of slavery or involuntary servitude upon the party, but at most, infringes rights which are protected from State aggression by the 14th Amendment.† Justice Bradley went on to agree with the argument that the 14th Amendment applied only to the states, not to private citizens or businesses. â€Å"The 14th Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation authorized to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it is not direct legislation on the matters respecting which the States are prohibited from making or enforcing certain laws, or doing certain acts, but it is corrective legislation, such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and redressing the effect of such laws or acts,† he wrote. The Lone Dissent of Justice Harlan Justice John Marshall Harlan wrote the only dissenting opinion in the Civil Rights Cases. Harlan’s belief that the majority’s â€Å"narrow and artificial† interpretation 13th and 14th Amendments led him to write, â€Å"I cannot resist the conclusion that the substance and spirit of the recent amendments of the Constitution have been sacrificed by a subtle and ingenious verbal criticism.† Harlan wrote that the 13th Amendment did far more than â€Å"to prohibit slavery as an institution,† it also â€Å"established and decreed universal civil freedom throughout the United States.† In addition, noted Harlan, Section II of the 13th Amendment decreed that â€Å"Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation,† and had thus been the basis for the  enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which granted full citizenship to all persons born in the United States. Basically, Harlan contended that the 13th and 14th Amendments, as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1875, were constitutional acts of Congress intended to ensure African Americans the same rights to access and use of public facilities that white citizens took for granted as their natural right. In summary, Harlan stated that the federal government had both the authority and the responsibility to protect citizens from any actions that deprive them of their rights and to allow private racial discrimination would â€Å"permit the badges and incidents of slavery† to remain. Impact of the Civil Rights Cases Decision The Supreme Court’s decision in the Civil Rights Cases virtually stripped the federal government of any power to ensure African Americans equal protection under the law. As Justice Harlan had predicted in his dissent, freed of the threat of federal restrictions, Southern states began enacting laws sanctioning racial segregation. In 1896, the Supreme Court cited its Civil Rights Cases ruling in its landmark Plessy v. Ferguson decision declaring that requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites was constitutional as long as those facilities were â€Å"equal† and that racial segregation itself did not amount to unlawful discrimination. So-called â€Å"separate but equal† segregated facilities, including schools, would persist for over 80 years until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s swayed public opinion to oppose racial discrimination. Eventually, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, enacted as part of the Great Society program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, incorporated several key elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Corythosaurus - Facts and Figures

Corythosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Corythosaurus (Greek for Corinthian-helmet lizard); pronounced core-ITH-oh-SORE-usHabitat: Forests and plains of North AmericaHistorical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and five tonsDiet: PlantsDistinguishing Characteristics: Large, bony crest on head; ground-hugging, quadrupedal posture About Corythosaurus As you can guess from its name, the most distinctive feature of the hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) Corythosaurus was the prominent crest on its head, which looked a bit like the helmet worn by the ancient Greek soldiers of the city-state of Corinth. Unlike the case with distantly related bone-headed dinosaurs like Pachycephalosaurus, however, this crest probably evolved less to establish dominance in the herd, or the right to mate with females by head-butting other male dinosaurs, but rather for display and communication purposes. Corythosaurus wasnt native to Greece, but to the plains and woodlands of late Cretaceous North America, about 75 million years ago. In a spectacular bit of applied paleontology, researchers have created three-dimensional models of Corythosaurus hollow head crest and discovered that these structures create booming sounds when funneled with blasts of air. Its clear that this large, gentle dinosaur used its crest to signal (extremely loudly) to others of its kindthough we may never know whether these sounds were meant to broadcast sexual availability, keep the herd in check during migrations, or warn about the presence of hungry predators like Gorgosaurus. Most likely, communication was also the function of the even more ornate head crests of related hadrosaurs like Parasaurolophus and Charonosaurus. The type fossils of many dinosaurs (most notably the north African meat-eater Spinosaurus) were destroyed during World War II by Allied bombing raids on Germany; Corythosaurus is unique in that two of its fossils went belly-up during World War I. In 1916, an England-bound ship carrying various fossil remains excavated from Canadas Dinosaur Provincial Park was sunk by a German raider; to date, no one has attempted to salvage the wreckage.

PAUL AND ELDER CRTICAL THINKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PAUL AND ELDER CRTICAL THINKING - Essay Example A critical thinkers decision should be understandable, in that it can be elaborated and explained. It should be free from errors, mistakes and lies and should be detailed to a level. It should be logical , the ideas in ones reasoning should make sense, coherent and not contradict each other. It is through the seasoned practicing of these standards does one gain intellectual traits. Intellectual traits are virtues that are necessary for right action. These are values adopted by open minded thinkers who seek more than one opinion to arrive at the truth. Valuable intellectual traits include intellectual humility which is the ability for an individual to embrace the limits of his knowledge as opposed to claiming what he does not know or understand. I often say things which I have no knowledge for and it will suit me if I listen more and talk less in conversations on topics I have no knowledge of. A critical thinker is one who has the courage to face and discuss topics that are avoided by most people due to either its sensitivities or its correctness rationally and fairly. Some issues and topics are considered incorrect in our society and for that reason most people refrain from discussing such topics. I am no different as I shy away from topics that are deemed sensitive but it is important if I find out this issues for myself and what is wrong with such an issue thus giving me the courage to discus those issues rationally. The ability to put myself in others shoes in order to better understand other individuals point of view is a trait that I have lacked.Listening to other points of view more often and trying to understand where this views are coming from will take a step closer to attaining intellectual